writers on the subject always speak ‑ of it as the “tourteau,” i.e. “cake.” In the round a typical example of this may be studied in the British Museum (bust No. 1914).

On coins, the head of Manlia Scantilla wife of Didius Julianus, shews this style (circa 193 A.D.). Illust. XLVIII. The front hair is parted and deeply waved, obviously by extraneous means; the back is shown in the large " tourteau," which may have been interlaced with ribands or matronly “vittae.”

Her daughter, Didia Clara (circa 193 A.D.), follows her mother's style, but perhaps with rather less distinction. Illust. XLIX

At the outset of the third century a simplicity in­volving a good deal of art becomes the rule. Deep “waving” or “ondulation” is typical of this period.

Julia Domna, wife of Septimius Severus (187 A.D.) and mother of Caracalla and Geta, was a young Syrian, daughter of a priest of the sun, At one time she

arranges her hair in a way hardly to be distinguished from Manlia Scantilla, though the ribands woven into the back hair seem more visible. Illust. L. At another the whole of the art of her coiffeur is directed to securing a curtain‑like effect of deep-hanging waved braids, falling on the neck and terminating in a small knot, microscopic in comparison with that of Illust. L., resting within these braids. Illust. LI.

It will be noticed that she wears a crescent. She is said to be the first of Roman Empresses to be so adorned. It may have been an indication of her Oriental origin.